Legal Challenges of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Intellectual Property Protection

  • Junaidi
    Sjakhyakirti Palembang University
Issue Vol. 3 No. 5 (2026): JHK - August
Release 2026-08-22
Section Articles
Pages 16-30
DOI doi.org/10.61942/jhk.v3i5.670
PDF 16-30
Abstract

The rapid diffusion of generative artificial intelligence (AI) systems capable of producing text, images, music, source code, and other expressive or functional outputs has exposed deep structural tensions within contemporary intellectual property (IP) law. Doctrines built around human authorship, inventive step, and identifiable infringing acts strain when confronted with machine-generated works, opaque training processes, and diffuse chains of causation between input data and output content. This article examines the legal challenges generative AI poses to copyright, patent, and related IP regimes, focusing on three interlocking problems: the (non-)recognition of AI systems and AI-assisted human creators as authors or inventors; the legality of using copyrighted works as training data without authorization or remuneration; and the adequacy of existing liability and governance frameworks to address infringement risks generated by foundation models. Using a normative juridical method combined with comparative and conceptual approaches, this article analyzes statutory provisions, judicial decisions such as, and recent international scholarship to map divergent regulatory responses across the United States, the European Union, China, India, and Indonesia. The findings indicate that no jurisdiction has yet produced a fully coherent doctrinal settlement; instead, a patchwork of judicial improvisation, administrative guidance, and emerging legislation such as the has developed. The article concludes that IP law requires targeted reform rather than wholesale replacement, including clarified human-authorship thresholds, statutory text-and-data-mining exceptions coupled with opt-out and transparency mechanisms, and graduated liability rules that distinguish developers, deployers, and end users of generative AI systems.

Keywords
Generative Artificial Intelligence Intellectual Property Copyright Authorship Patent Inventorship AI Governance
How to Cite (APA)
Junaidi. (2026). Legal Challenges of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Intellectual Property Protection. Jurnal Hukum Dan Keadilan, 3(5), 16–30. https://doi.org/10.61942/jhk.v3i5.670
Licensing & Copyright
Creative Commons License
Artikel ini didistribusikan di bawah lisensi Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0).
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