Mining Business Licenses in the Perspective of Administrative Law Between State Authority and Community Rights

The Mining Business License (IUP) is the main legal instrument in the management of mineral and coal resources in Indonesia. The revision of the Mineral and Mineral Law changes the authority to grant permits from the local government to the central government with the aim of reducing the practice of overlapping permits and corruption and strengthening the effectiveness of supervision. However, this centralization policy poses new challenges in the form of reduced role of local governments, limited community participation, and increased potential for social conflicts with indigenous peoples. This study used the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method with the PRISMA procedure on 971 articles, until 50 relevant articles were selected for analysis. The results of the study show that the practice of protecting the rights of communities, especially indigenous peoples, is still weak due to the lack of application of the Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) principle. In addition, maladministrative practices, weak law enforcement, and lack of transparency worsen the governance of the mining sector and ignore the principle of intergenerational justice. This study confirms the existence of research gaps related to the effectiveness of authority centralization, community-based supervision models, FPIC implementation, and systematic studies of intergenerational justice in mining licensing. These findings contribute to strengthening the legal analysis of mining administration and open up opportunities for regulatory reform towards fairer, accountable, and more sustainable governance.

1. Andriani, R., & Kurdi, S. (2024). Regional Government Authority Regarding Mineral and Coal Mining Business Licenses in Indonesia based on Law Number 3 of 2020. Interdisciplinary Explorations in Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.62976/ierj.v2i1.387
2. Cakranegara, P., Rahadi, D., & Susilowati, E. (2023). Distribution of Authority for Mining Business Permits between the Central Government and Regional Governments After the Enactment of the Minerba Law Number 4 of 2009. Journal of Progressive Law and Legal Studies. https://doi.org/10.59653/jplls.v1i02.46
3. Dalímunte, A., Az, M., & Supriyadi, S. (2023). Legal Problems Related to Mineral and Coal Mining Permits. Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum. https://doi.org/10.26905/idjch.v14i1.9872
4. Guntur, S. (2025). The Nature of the Granting of Mineral Mining Business Licenses by Local Governments (A Study of the Southeast Sulawesi Province). Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences (PJLSS). https://doi.org/10.57239/pjlss-2025-23.1.00536
5. Harliansyah, H., Rini, A., Siagian, E., Andjab, T., & Fall, R. (2021). Free, Prior and Informed Consent in Fulfilling the Constitutional Rights of Citizens in the Mining Sector. INJURLENS, 1, 11-21. https://doi.org/10.51749/INJURLENS.V1I1.2
6. Kasim, A., Yodo, S., Rimi, A., & Patila, M. (2023). Mining Business Licensing in Indonesia: Perspective of Administrative Law After the Revision of the Mineral and Coal Law. Russian Law Journal. https://doi.org/10.52783/rlj.v11i3.1538
7. Lanini, A., Syafiuddin, I., Ali, A., Sulbadana, S., Palipadang, L., & Perdana, B. (2021). Legal Status of Land Rights of the Mining Companies in Central Sulawesi. Tadulako Social Science and Humaniora Journal. https://doi.org/10.22487/sochum.v2i1.15547
8. Nofrizal, N., Ismi, H., & Almadison, A. (2022). Direction of Mining Policy for Sustainable Development (Case Study of Rock Mining Business Licensing After Law Number 23 of 2004 in Rokan Hulu Regency, Riau). Journal of Legal Sciences. https://doi.org/10.30652/jih.v11i2.8308
9. Rumadan, I. (2021). Implementation of Mining Business License and Intergenerational Justice in Indonesia. The International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies. https://doi.org/10.24940/theijhss/2021/v9/i7/hs2107-053
10. Sanjaya, A. (2023). An Analysis of the Legal Protection of Mineral and Coal Mining Activities in Indonesia Which Impacts the Climate Around Mining Areas. QISTINA: Jurnal Multidisiplin Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.57235/qistina.v2i1.464
11. Situmeang, O., & Bakir, H. (2024). Legal Vacuum in Issuance and Revocation of Mining Business Permits. Rechtsnormen: Journal of Law. https://doi.org/10.70177/rjl.v2i4.1650
12. Sudharma, I., Parsa, W., & Article, I. (2022). Authority of the Bali Provincial Government in Granting Licensing to Non-Metallic Minerals and Rock Mining Businesses. Udayana Master Law Journal. https://doi.org/10.24843/jmhu.2022.v11.i04.p12
13. Tegnan, H., Karjoko, L., Barkhuizen, J., & Bajrektarević, A. (2021). Mining Corruption and Environmental Degradation in Indonesia: Critical Legal Issues. BESTUUR. https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v9i2.55219
14. Werner, T., Toumbourou, T., Maus, V., Lukas, M., Sonter, L., Muhdar, M., Runting, R., & Bebbington, A. (2023). Patterns of Infringement, Risk, and Impact Driven by Coal Mining Permits in Indonesia. Ambio. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-023-01944-y
15. Widiarti, W., Hasibu, F., & Darodjat, T. (2025). Management and Exploitation of Mineral and Coal Mining in Indonesia: An Analysis of the Perspective of Article 33 Paragraph (3) of The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Journal Evidence of Law. https://doi.org/10.59066/jel.v4i1.1055
16. Yulianingrum, A., Nurfadillah, M., Riziq, S., & Novitadiningrum, A. (2023). Implications of Coal Mining Management Policy on the Existence of Customary Law Communities in Samarinda. AL-MANHAJ: Journal of Islamic Law and Social Institutions. https://doi.org/10.37680/almanhaj.v5i1.2826
17. Andriani, R., & Kurdi, S. (2024). Regional Government Authority Regarding Mineral and Coal Mining Business Licenses in Indonesia based on Law Number 3 of 2020. Interdisciplinary Explorations in Research Journal, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.62976/ierj.v2i1.387
18. Cakranegara, P., Rahadi, D., & Susilowati, E. (2023). Distribution of Authority for Mining Business Permits between the Central Government and Regional Governments After the Enactment of the Minerba Law Number 4 of 2009. Journal of Progressive Law and Legal Studies, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.59653/jplls.v1i02.46
19. Harliansyah, H., Rini, A., Siagian, E., Andjab, T., & Fall, R. (2021). Free, Prior and Informed Consent in Fulfilling the Constitutional Rights of Citizens in the Mining Sector. INJURLENS, 1(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.51749/INJURLENS.V1I1.2
20. Kasim, A., Yodo, S., Rimi, A., & Patila, M. (2023). Mining Business Licensing in Indonesia: Perspective of Administrative Law After the Revision of the Mineral and Coal Law. Russian Law Journal, 11(3), 89–108. https://doi.org/10.52783/rlj.v11i3.1538
21. Nofrizal, N., Ismi, H., & Almadison, A. (2022). Direction of Mining Policy for Sustainable Development (Case Study of Rock Mining Business Licensing After Law Number 23 of 2004 in Rokan Hulu Regency, Riau). Journal of Legal Sciences, 11(2), 197–210. https://doi.org/10.30652/jih.v11i2.8308
22. Rumadan, I. (2021). Implementation of Mining Business License and Intergenerational Justice in Indonesia. The International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies, 9(7), 227–234. https://doi.org/10.24940/theijhss/2021/v9/i7/hs2107-053
23. Situmeang, O., & Bakir, H. (2024). Legal Vacuum in Issuance and Revocation of Mining Business Permits. Rechtsnormen: Journal of Law, 2(4), 188–202. https://doi.org/10.70177/rjl.v2i4.1650
24. Steni, B., Astuti, R., & Laksono, A. (2025). Indigenous Peoples’ Rights and Mining Permits in Indonesia: Evaluating the Implementation of FPIC Principles. Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law, 28(1), 55–74. https://doi.org/10.1017/apjel.2025.4
25. Sudharma, I., Parsa, W., & Article, I. (2022). Authority of the Bali Provincial Government in Granting Licensing to Non-Metallic Minerals and Rock Mining Businesses. Udayana Master Law Journal, 11(4), 812–824. https://doi.org/10.24843/jmhu.2022.v11.i04.p12
26. Tegnan, H., Karjoko, L., Barkhuizen, J., & Bajrektarević, A. (2021). Mining Corruption and Environmental Degradation in Indonesia: Critical Legal Issues. BESTUUR, 9(2), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v9i2.55219
27. Werner, T., Toumbourou, T., Maus, V., Lukas, M., Sonter, L., Muhdar, M., Runting, R., & Bebbington, A. (2023). Patterns of Infringement, Risk, and Impact Driven by Coal Mining Permits in Indonesia. Ambio, 52(5), 895–909. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-023-01944-y
28. Widiarti, W., Hasibu, F., & Darodjat, T. (2025). Management and Exploitation of Mineral and Coal Mining in Indonesia: An Analysis of the Perspective of Article 33 Paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Journal Evidence of Law, 4(1), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.59066/jel.v4i1.1055
29. Yulianingrum, A., Nurfadillah, M., Riziq, S., & Novitadiningrum, A. (2023). Implications of Coal Mining Management Policy on the Existence of Customary Law Communities in Samarinda. AL-MANHAJ: Journal of Islamic Law and Social Institutions, 5(1), 75–88. https://doi.org/10.37680/almanhaj.v5i1.2826